福冈 福岡 fú gāng Fukuoka, capital city of Fukuoka Prefecture in Kyushu, Japan / Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan 日本 rì běn Japan 东京 東京 dōng jīng Tokyo, capital of Japan / Tonkin (northern Vietnam during the French colonial period) 国会 國會 guó huì Parliament (UK) / Congress (US) / Diet (Japan) / Legislative Yuan (Taiwan) 首相 shǒu xiàng prime minister (of Japan or UK etc) syn 电车 電車 diàn chē tram / streetcar / trolleybus / electric car / e-bike / (in the context of Japan) electric train 天皇 tiān huáng Heavenly Sovereign, one of the three legendary sovereigns 三皇[san1 huang2] / emperor / emperor of Japan syn 大阪 dà bǎn Osaka, city in Japan 幕府 mù fǔ (orig.) tents forming the offices of a commanding officer / administration of a military government / (medieval Japan) "bakufu", administration of the shogun 本州 běn zhōu Honshū, the main island of Japan 广岛 廣島 guǎng dǎo Hiroshima, Japan 冲绳 沖繩 chōng shéng Okinawa, Japan 神户 神戶 shén hù Kobe, city in Japan 北海道 běi hǎi dào Hokkaidō, Japan 关东 關東 guān dōng Northeast China / Manchuria / lit. east of Shanhai Pass 山海關|山海关[Shan1 hai3 guan1] / Kantō region of Japan 横滨 橫濱 héng bīn Yokohama, Japan 岛国 島國 dǎo guó island nation (sometimes refers specifically to Japan) 长崎 長崎 cháng qí Nagasaki, Japan 九州 jiǔ zhōu division of China during earliest dynasties / fig. ancient China / Kyūshū, southernmost of Japan's four major islands syn 秋田 qiū tián Akita prefecture of north Japan 奈良 nài liáng Nara, an old capital of Japan 纳豆 納豆 nà dòu nattō, a type of fermented soybean, popular as a breakfast food in Japan 札幌 zhá huǎng Sapporo, Japan 关西 關西 guān xī Kansai region, Japan / Guanxi or Kuanhsi town in Hsinchu County 新竹縣|新竹县[Xin1 zhu2 Xian4], northwest Taiwan 扶桑 fú sāng Fusang, mythical island of ancient literature, often interpreted as Japan syn 抗战 抗戰 kàng zhàn war of resistance, especially the war against Japan (1937-1945) 琉球 liú qiú Ryūkyū / refers to the Ryūkyū Islands 琉球群島|琉球群岛[Liu2 qiu2 Qun2 dao3] stretching from Japan to Taiwan / Liuchiu township in Pingtung County 屏東縣|屏东县[Ping2 dong1 Xian4], Taiwan 宫城 宮城 gōng chéng Miyagi prefecture in the north of Japan's main island Honshū 本州[Ben3 zhou1] 萨摩 薩摩 sà mó Satsuma, the name of a former feudal domain in Japan, and of a former province, a battleship, a district, a peninsula etc 日本海 rì běn hǎi Sea of Japan 长野 長野 cháng yě Nagano (name) / Nagano city and prefecture in central Japan 裕仁 yù rén Hirohito, personal name of the Shōwa 昭和[Zhao1 he2] emperor of Japan (1901-1989), reigned 1925-1989 钓鱼台 釣魚臺 diào yú tái Diaoyu Islands, located between Taiwan and Okinawa, controlled by Japan – which calls them the Senkaku Islands – but claimed by China 东洋 東洋 dōng yáng Japan (old) / East Asian countries syn 新军 新軍 xīn jūn New Armies (modernized Qing armies, trained and equipped according to Western standards, founded after Japan's victory in the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895) 侵华 侵華 qīn huá to invade China (referring to 19th century imperialist powers and Japan) 冈山 岡山 gāng shān Kangshan town in Kaohsiung county 高雄縣|高雄县[Gao1 xiong2 xian4], southwest Taiwan / Okayama prefecture in southwest of Japan's main island Honshū 本州[Ben3 zhou1] 蒙代尔 蒙代爾 méng dài ěr Walter Mondale (1928-), US democratic politician, US vice-president 1977-1981 and ambassador to Japan 1993-1996 中日 zhōng rì China-Japan 抗日 kàng rì to resist Japan (esp. during WW2) / anti-Japanese (esp. wartime activities) 抗日战争 抗日戰爭 kàng rì zhàn zhēng (China's) War of Resistance against Japan (1937-1945) 四国 四國 sì guó Shikoku (one of the four main islands of Japan) 美日 měi rì US-Japan 钓鱼岛 釣魚島 diào yú dǎo Diaoyu Islands, claimed by China but controlled by Japan as the Senkaku Islands, also called the Pinnacle Islands 对日 對日 duì rì (policy etc) towards Japan 韩日 韓日 hán rì Korea and Japan 东瀛 東瀛 dōng yíng (literary) East China Sea / (literary) Japan syn 中日韩 中日韓 zhōng rì hán China, Japan and Korea 日美 rì měi Japan-US 反日 fǎn rì anti-Japan 高梁 gāo liáng Takahashi (name) / Takahashi city in Okayama prefecture, Japan / Highbridge (name) 东北大学 東北大學 dōng běi dà xué Northeastern University (in Shenyang 瀋陽市|沈阳市[Shen3 yang2 shi4], Liaoning) / Tōhoku University, Sendai, Japan 独岛 獨島 dú dǎo Dokdo (Japanese Takeshima 竹島|竹岛[Zhu2 dao3]), disputed islands in Sea of Japan 日本国 日本國 rì běn guó Japan 外务省 外務省 wài wù shěng foreign ministry (e.g. of Japan or Korea) 松茸 sōng róng matsutake (Tricholoma matsutake), edible mushroom considered a great delicacy in Japan 金针菇 金針菇 jīn zhēn gū enoki mushroom (Flammulina velutipes), used in cuisines of Japan, Korea and China, cultivated to be long, thin and white / abbr. to 金菇[jin1 gu1] 织田信长 織田信長 zhī tián xìn cháng ODA Nobunaga (1534-1582), Japanese shogun (warlord), played an important role in unifying Japan 仙台 仙臺 xiān tái Sendai, capital of Miyagi prefecture 宮城縣|宫城县[Gong1 cheng2 xian4] in northeast Japan 东京大学 東京大學 dōng jīng dà xué Tokyo University, Japan 明治维新 明治維新 míng zhì wéi xīn Meiji Restoration (Japan, 1868) 山形 shān xíng Yamagata prefecture in the north of Japan's main island Honshū 本州[Ben3 zhou1] 不平等条约 不平等條約 bù píng děng tiáo yuē (term coined c. 1920s) unequal treaty – a treaty between China and one or more aggressor nations (including Russia, Japan and various Western powers) which imposed humiliating conditions on China (in the 19th and early 20th centuries) 日本天皇 rì běn tiān huáng Emperor of Japan 竹岛 竹島 zhú dǎo Takeshima (Korean Dokdo 獨島|独岛[Du2 dao3]), disputed islands in Sea of Japan 大坂 dà bǎn Japanese surname Osaka / old variant of 大阪[Da4ban3] (Osaka, city in Japan), used prior to the Meiji era 鉴真 鑒真 jiàn zhēn Jianzhen or Ganjin (688-763), Tang dynastic Buddhist monk, who crossed to Japan after several unsuccessful attempts, influential in Japanese Buddhism 明仁 míng rén Akihito, personal name of the Heisei 平成[Ping2 cheng2] emperor of Japan (1933-), reigned 1989-2019 德仁 dé rén Naruhito (1960-), emperor of Japan from 2019 德川 dé chuān Tokugawa, the ruling clan of Japan from 1550-1850 富士山 fù shì shān Mt. Fuji, Japan 坪 píng a plain / ping, unit of area equal to approx. 3.3058 square meters (used in Japan and Taiwan) syn 名古屋 míng gǔ wū Nagoya, city in Japan 貉 hé raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) / raccoon of North China, Korea and Japan (Japanese: tanuki) / also pr. [hao2] syn 箱根 xiāng gēn Hakone, city on the east coast of Japan southwest of Tokyo 静冈县 靜岡縣 jìng gāng xiàn Shizuoka prefecture southwest of Tokyo, Japan 阿苏 阿蘇 ā sū Aso volcano in Kyūshū 九州, Japan, a continuously active volcano 冲绳县 沖繩縣 chōng shéng xiàn Okinawa prefecture, Japan 秋田县 秋田縣 qiū tián xiàn Akita prefecture, northeast Japan 松蘑 sōng mó matsutake (Tricholoma matsutake), edible mushroom considered a great delicacy in Japan 阿苏山 阿蘇山 ā sū shān Mount Aso, active volcano in Kyushu, Japan 函馆 函館 hán guǎn Hakodate, main port of south Hokkaidō 北海道[Bei3 hai3 dao4], Japan 兵库县 兵庫縣 bīng kù xiàn Hyōgo prefecture in the midwest of Japan's main island Honshū 本州[Ben3 zhou1] 美智子 měi zhì zǐ Michiko, Japanese female given name / Empress Michiko of Japan (1934-) 水俣病 水俁病 shuǐ yǔ bìng Minamata disease (neurological disease caused by mercury poisoning due to industrial pollution in Japan, first identified in 1956) 茨城 cí chéng Ibaraki prefecture in northeast Japan 青森 qīng sēn Aomori prefecture at the far north of Japan's main island Honshū 本州[Ben3 zhou1] 大阪府 dà bǎn fǔ Osaka Prefecture, Japan 貉子 háo zi raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) / raccoon of North China, Korea and Japan (Japanese: tanuki) / also called 狸 syn 七国集团 七國集團 qī guó jí tuán G7, the group of 7 industrialized countries: US, Japan, Britain, Germany, France, Italy and Canada (now G8, including Russia) 陈天华 陳天華 chén tiān huà Chen Tianhua (1875-1905), anti-Qing revolutionary from Hunan, drowned himself in Japan in 1905 郭小川 guō xiǎo chuān Guo Xiaochuan (1919-1976), PRC communist poet, hero in the war with Japan, died after long persecution during Cultural Revolution 富国强兵 富國強兵 fù guó qiáng bīng lit. rich country, strong army (idiom) / slogan of legalist philosophers in pre-Han times / Make the country wealthy and the military powerful, slogan of modernizers in Qing China and Meiji Japan (Japanese pronunciation: Fukoku kyōhei) syn 日本国志 日本國誌 rì běn guó zhì A Record of Japan, by Huang Zunxian 黃遵憲|黄遵宪[Huang2 Zun1 xian4], an extended analysis of Meiji Japan 黄遵宪 黃遵憲 huáng zūn xiàn Huang Zunxian (1848-1905), Qing dynasty poet and diplomat, author of A Record of Japan 日本國誌|日本国志[Ri4 ben3 Guo2 zhi4], an extended analysis of Meiji Japan 伊藤博文 yī téng bó wén Itō Hirobumi (1841-1909), Japan’s first prime minister (served four terms), key figure in Japan’s colonial expansion into Korea 日本难民救助协会 Association for Aid and Relief, Japan / AAR Japan 霓虹国 霓虹國 ní hóng guó (slang) Japan (loanword from the Japanese word for Japan, "Nihon") 