唐玄宗 táng xuán zōng Tang Emperor Xuanzong (685-762), also known as Emperor Ming of Tang 唐明皇[Tang2 Ming2 huang2], reign name of seventh Tang emperor 李隆基[Li3 Long1 ji1], reigned 712-756 福冈 福岡 fú gāng Fukuoka, capital city of Fukuoka Prefecture in Kyushu, Japan / Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan 日本国志 日本國誌 rì běn guó zhì A Record of Japan, by Huang Zunxian 黃遵憲|黄遵宪[Huang2 Zun1 xian4], an extended analysis of Meiji Japan 黄遵宪 黃遵憲 huáng zūn xiàn Huang Zunxian (1848-1905), Qing dynasty poet and diplomat, author of A Record of Japan 日本國誌|日本国志[Ri4 ben3 Guo2 zhi4], an extended analysis of Meiji Japan 伊藤博文 yī téng bó wén Itō Hirobumi (1841-1909), Japan’s first prime minister (served four terms), key figure in Japan’s colonial expansion into Korea 日本难民救助协会 Association for Aid and Relief, Japan / AAR Japan 霓虹国 霓虹國 ní hóng guó (slang) Japan (loanword from the Japanese word for Japan, "Nihon") 11区 11區 shí yī qū (ACG) Japan (from the anime "Code Geass", in which Japan was renamed Area 11) 裕仁 yù rén Hirohito, personal name of the Shōwa 昭和[Zhao1 he2] emperor of Japan (1901-1989), reigned 1925-1989 明仁 míng rén Akihito, personal name of the Heisei 平成[Ping2 cheng2] emperor of Japan (1933-), reigned 1989-2019 德仁 dé rén Naruhito (1960-), emperor of Japan from 2019 嘉仁 jiā rén Yoshihito, personal name of the Taishō 大正[Da4 zheng4] emperor of Japan (1879-1926), reigned 1912-1926 正仓院 正倉院 zhēng cāng yuàn Shōsō-in, a timber structure in Nara, Japan, built to house hundreds of artifacts bequeathed to the Tōdai-ji temple by the Japanese emperor Shōmu, who died in 756 皇上 huáng shang the emperor / Your majesty the emperor / His imperial majesty syn 乾隆 qián lóng Qianlong Emperor (1711-1799), sixth Qing emperor, princely title 寶親王|宝亲王[Bao3 Qin1 wang2], personal name 弘曆|弘历[Hong2 li4], reigned 1735-1799 永乐 永樂 yǒng lè Yongle Emperor, reign name of third Ming emperor Zhu Di 朱棣[Zhu1 Di4] (1360-1424), reigned 1403-1424, temple name 明成祖[Ming2 Cheng2 zu3] 黄帝 黃帝 huáng dì the Yellow Emperor, mythological emperor of China, reigned c. 2697-2597 BC 嘉庆 嘉慶 jiā qìng Jiaqing Emperor (1760-1820), seventh Qing emperor, personal name 顒琰|颙琰[Yong2 yan3], reigned 1796-1820 洪武 hóng wǔ Hongwu Emperor, also written Hung-wu Ti, reign name of first Ming emperor Zhu Yuanzhang 朱元璋[Zhu1 Yuan2 zhang1] (1328-1398), reigned 1386-1398, temple name 明太祖[Ming2 Tai4 zu3] 炎黄子孙 炎黃子孫 yán huáng zǐ sūn descendants of the Fiery Emperor and the Yellow Emperor (i.e. Han Chinese people) syn 正德 zhèng dé Zhengde Emperor, reign name of eleventh Ming emperor Zhu Houzhao 朱厚照[Zhu1 Hou4 zhao4] (1491-1521), reigned 1505-1521, temple name 明武宗[Ming2 Wu3 zong1] 溥仪 溥儀 pǔ yí Puyi, personal name of the last Qing emperor (reigned as child 1909-1911), the subject of Bertolucci's biopic The Last Emperor 曹丕 cáo pī Cao Pi (187-226), second son of Cao Cao 曹操, king then emperor of Cao Wei 曹魏 from 220, ruled as Emperor Wen 魏文帝, also a noted calligrapher 建文 jiàn wén Jianwen Emperor, reign name of second Ming Emperor Zhu Yunwen 朱允炆[Zhu1 Yun3 wen2] (1377-1402), reigned 1398-1402 太上皇 tài shàng huáng Taishang Huang / Retired Emperor / father of the reigning emperor / fig. puppet master 天顺 天順 tiān shùn Tianshun Emperor, reign name of eighth Ming Emperor 朱祁鎮|朱祁镇[Zhu1 Qi2 zhen4] (1427-1464), reigned 1457-1464, temple name Yingzong 英宗[Ying1 zong1] 宣德 xuān dé Xuande Emperor, reign name of fifth Ming emperor Zhu Zhanji 朱瞻基[Zhu1 Zhan1 ji1] (1398-1435), reigned 1426-1436, temple name 明宣宗[Ming2 Xuan1 zong1] 唐明皇 táng míng huáng Emperor Ming of Tang (685-762), also known as Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 唐玄宗[Tang2 Xuan2 zong1], reigned 712-756 汉文帝 漢文帝 hàn wén dì Emperor Wen of Han (202-157 BC), fourth Han emperor, personal name Liu Heng 劉恆|刘恒[Liu2 Heng2], reigned 180-157 BC 汉献帝 漢獻帝 hàn xiàn dì Emperor Xian of Han (181-234), the final Han emperor, set up by Dong Zhuo 董卓, reigned 189-220, forced to abdicate 220 by Cao Pi 曹丕 唐高祖 táng gāo zǔ Emperor Gaozu of Tang, reign name of first Tang emperor Li Yuan 李淵|李渊[Li3 Yuan1] (566-635), reigned 618-626 朝 cháo imperial or royal court / government / dynasty / reign of a sovereign or emperor / court or assembly held by a sovereign or emperor / to make a pilgrimage to / facing / towards syn 顺治帝 順治帝 shùn zhì dì Fulin Emperor Shunzhi (1638-1662), second Qing emperor, reigned 1644-1662 断袖之癖 斷袖之癖 duàn xiù zhī pǐ lit. cut sleeve (idiom) / fig. euphemism for homosexuality, originating from History of Western Han 漢書|汉书: emperor Han Aidi (real name Liu Xin) was in bed with his lover Dong Xian, and had to attend a court audience that morning. Not wishing to awaken Dong Xian, who was sleeping with his head resting on the emperor's long robe sleeve, Aidi used a knife to cut off the lower half of his sleeve. 宋太祖 sòng tài zǔ Emperor Taizu of Song, posthumous title of the founding Song emperor Zhao Kuangyin 趙匡胤|赵匡胤 (927-976), reigned from 960 唐太宗 táng tài zōng Emperor Taizong of Tang, reign name of second Tang emperor Li Shimin 李世民[Li3 Shi4 min2] (599-649), reigned 626-649 唐中宗 táng zhōng zōng Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, reign name of fourth Tang emperor Li Zhe 李哲[Li3 Zhe2] (656-710), reigned 705-710 唐代宗 táng dài zōng Emperor Taizong of Tang (727-779), reign name of ninth Tang emperor Li Yu 李豫[Li3 Yu4], reigned 762-779 唐僖宗 táng xī zōng Emperor Xizong of Tang, reign name of nineteenth Tang Emperor Li Xuan 李儇[Li3 Xuan1] (862-888), reigned 873-888 唐哀帝 táng āi dì Emperor Aidi of Tang, reign name of twenty-first and last Tang emperor Li Zhu 李祝[Li3 Zhu4] (892-908), reigned 904-907 唐宣宗 táng xuān zōng Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (810-859), reign name of seventeenth Tang emperor Li Chen 李忱[Li3 Chen2], reigned 846-859 唐德宗 táng dé zōng Emperor Dezong of Tang (742-805), reign name of tenth Tang emperor Li Kuo 李适[Li3 Kuo4], reigned 779-805 唐宪宗 唐憲宗 táng xiàn zōng Emperor Xianzong of Tang (778-820), reign name of twelfth Tang emperor Li Chun 李純|李纯[Li3 Chun2] reigned 805-820 唐懿宗 táng yì zōng Emperor Yizong of Tang (833-873), reign name of eighteenth Tang emperor Li Cui 李漼[Li3 Cui3], reigned 859-873 唐敬宗 táng jìng zōng Emperor Jingzong of Tang (809-827), reign name of fourteenth Tang emperor 李湛[Li3 Zhan4], reigned 825-827 唐文宗 táng wén zōng Emperor Wenzong of Tang (809-840), reign name of fifteenth Tang emperor 李昂[Li3 Ang2], reigned 827-840 唐昭宗 táng zhāo zōng Emperor Zhaozong of Tang, reign name of twentieth Tang emperor 李曄|李晔[Li1 Ye4] (867-904), reigned 888-904 唐武宗 táng wǔ zōng Emperor Wuzong of Tang (814-846), reign name of sixteenth Tang emperor Li Chan 李瀍[Li3 Chan2], reigned 840-846 唐殇帝 唐殤帝 táng shāng dì Emperor Shang of Tang, reign name of fifth Tang emperor Li Chongmao 李重茂[Li3 Chong2 mao4] (c. 695-715), reigned 710 唐睿宗 táng ruì zōng Emperor Ruizong of Tang, reign name of sixth Tang emperor Li Dan 李旦[Li3 Dan4] (662-716), reigned 684-690 and 710-712 唐穆宗 táng mù zōng Emperor Muzong of Tang (795-825), reign name of thirteenth Tang emperor 李恆|李恒[Li3 Heng2] reigned 821-825 唐肃宗 唐肅宗 táng sù zōng Emperor Suzong of Tang (711-762), reign name of eighth Tang emperor Li Heng 李亨[Li3 Heng1], reigned 756-762 唐顺宗 唐順宗 táng shùn zōng Emperor Shunzong of Tang (761-806), reign name of eleventh Tang emperor Li Song 李誦|李诵[Li3 Song4], reigned 805-806 唐高宗 táng gāo zōng Emperor Gaozong of Tang, reign name of third Tang emperor Li Zhi 李治[Li3 Zhi4] (628-683), reigned 649-683 帝喾 帝嚳 dì kù Di Ku or Emperor Ku, one of the Five Legendary Emperors 五帝[wu3 di4], great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor 黃帝|黄帝[Huang2 di4] 明天启 明天啟 míng tiān qǐ Tianqi Emperor, reign name of fifteenth Ming emperor Zhu Youxiao 朱由校[Zhu1 You2 xiao4] (1605-1627), reigned 1620-1627, temple name 明熹宗[Ming2 Xi1 zong1] 景泰 jǐng tài Jingtai county in Baiyin 白銀|白银[Bai2 yin2], Gansu / Jingtai Emperor, reign name of seventh Ming Emperor Zhu Qiyu 朱祁鈺|朱祁钰[Zhu1 Qi2 yu4] (1428-1457), reigned 1449-1457, temple name 代宗[Dai4 zong1] 朱祁镇 朱祁鎮 zhū qí zhèn Zhu Qizhen, personal name of sixth and eighth Ming emperor Zhengtong 正統|正统[Zheng4 tong3], afterwards Tianshun Emperor 天順|天顺[Tian1 shun4] (1427-1464), reigned 1435-1449 and 1457-1464 治隆唐宋 zhì lóng táng sòng "Ruled better that Tang and Song" / Qing Emperor Kangxi's memorial tribute to the first Ming emperor Hongwu 洪武 洪熙 hóng xī Hongxi Emperor, reign name of fourth Ming emperor Zhu Gaochi 朱高熾|朱高炽[Zhu1 Gao1 chi4] (1378-1425), reigned (1424-1425), temple name 明仁宗[Ming2 Ren2 zong1] 汉元帝 漢元帝 hàn yuán dì Yuan Emperor, reign name of Han Dynasty emperor Liu Shi 劉奭|刘奭[Liu2 Shi4], (74-33 BC), reigned 48-33 BC 汉明帝 漢明帝 hàn míng dì Emperor Ming of Han (28-75), Western Han Dynasty Emperor 58-75 圣躬 聖躬 shèng gōng the Emperor's body / Holy body / the current reigning Emperor 晋惠帝 晉惠帝 jìn huì dì Emperor Hui of Jin (259-307), personal name 司馬衷|司马衷[Si1 ma3 Zhong1], 2nd emperor of Jin Dynasty 晉朝|晋朝[Jin4 chao2], reigned 290-307 弘治 hóng zhì Hongzhi Emperor, reign name of ninth Ming emperor 朱祐樘[Zhu1 You4 tang2] (1470-1505), reigned 1487-1505, temple name 明孝宗[Ming2 Xiao4 zong1] 孝圣宪 孝聖憲 xiào shèng xiàn Empress Xiaoshengxian (1693-1777), consort of Emperor Yongzheng 雍正[Yong1 zheng4] and mother of Emperor Qianlong 乾隆[Qian2 long2] 临幸 臨幸 lín xìng to go in person (of emperor) / to copulate with a concubine (of emperor) 龙体 龍體 lóng tǐ emperor's body / emperor's physical condition 日本 rì běn Japan 东京 東京 dōng jīng Tokyo, capital of Japan / Tonkin (northern Vietnam during the French colonial period) 中日 zhōng rì China-Japan 抗战 抗戰 kàng zhàn war of resistance, especially the war against Japan (1937-1945) 抗日 kàng rì to resist Japan (esp. during WW2) / anti-Japanese (esp. wartime activities) 国会 國會 guó huì Parliament (UK) / Congress (US) / Diet (Japan) / Legislative Yuan (Taiwan) 首相 shǒu xiàng prime minister (of Japan or UK etc) syn 九州 jiǔ zhōu division of China during earliest dynasties / fig. ancient China / Kyūshū, southernmost of Japan's four major islands syn 抗日战争 抗日戰爭 kàng rì zhàn zhēng (China's) War of Resistance against Japan (1937-1945) 四国 四國 sì guó Shikoku (one of the four main islands of Japan) 美日 měi rì US-Japan 侵华 侵華 qīn huá to invade China (referring to 19th century imperialist powers and Japan) 大阪 dà bǎn Osaka, city in Japan 钓鱼岛 釣魚島 diào yú dǎo Diaoyu Islands, claimed by China but controlled by Japan as the Senkaku Islands, also called the Pinnacle Islands 对日 對日 duì rì (policy etc) towards Japan 韩日 韓日 hán rì Korea and Japan 电车 電車 diàn chē tram / streetcar / trolleybus / electric car / e-bike / (in the context of Japan) electric train 东洋 東洋 dōng yáng Japan (old) / East Asian countries syn 关东 關東 guān dōng Northeast China / Manchuria / lit. east of Shanhai Pass 山海關|山海关[Shan1 hai3 guan1] / Kantō region of Japan 东瀛 東瀛 dōng yíng (literary) East China Sea / (literary) Japan syn 中日韩 中日韓 zhōng rì hán China, Japan and Korea 日美 rì měi Japan-US 反日 fǎn rì anti-Japan 新军 新軍 xīn jūn New Armies (modernized Qing armies, trained and equipped according to Western standards, founded after Japan's victory in the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895) 冲绳 沖繩 chōng shéng Okinawa, Japan 广岛 廣島 guǎng dǎo Hiroshima, Japan 北海道 běi hǎi dào Hokkaidō, Japan 钓鱼台 釣魚臺 diào yú tái Diaoyu Islands, located between Taiwan and Okinawa, controlled by Japan – which calls them the Senkaku Islands – but claimed by China 岛国 島國 dǎo guó island nation (sometimes refers specifically to Japan) 幕府 mù fǔ (orig.) tents forming the offices of a commanding officer / administration of a military government / (medieval Japan) "bakufu", administration of the shogun 