统治者 統治者 tǒng zhì zhě ruler syn 苏丹 蘇丹 sū dān Sudan / sultan (ruler of some Muslim states, esp. Ottoman Emperor) 旧约 舊約 jiù yuē former agreement / former contract syn 臣民 chén mín subject (of a kingdom, ruler etc) 圣贤 聖賢 shèng xián a sage / wise and holy man / virtuous ruler / Buddhist lama / wine syn 御用 禦用 yù yòng for use by the emperor / imperial / (derog.) in the pay of the ruler 辅佐 輔佐 fǔ zuǒ to assist (usually a ruler) syn 当权者 當權者 dāng quán zhě ruler / those in power / the authorities syn 旧物 舊物 jiù wù old property (esp. inherited from former generation) / former territory syn 尺子 chǐ zi ruler (measuring instrument) / CL:把[ba3] syn 直尺 zhí chǐ straight ruler syn 贵贱 貴賤 guì jiàn noble and lowly / high versus low social hierarchy of ruler to people, father to son, husband to wife in Confucianism 萨摩 薩摩 sà mó Satsuma, the name of a former feudal domain in Japan, and of a former province, a battleship, a district, a peninsula etc 归附 歸附 guī fù to realign one's allegiance (to another religion, ruler etc) / to submit syn 有道 yǒu dào to have attained the Way / (of a government or a ruler) enlightened / wise and just 君臣 jūn chén a ruler and his ministers (old) 往届 往屆 wǎng jiè former sessions / former years 恩宠 恩寵 ēn chǒng special favor from a ruler / Emperor's generosity towards a favorite 励精图治 勵精圖治 lì jīng tú zhì (of a ruler) to strive to make one's nation strong and prosperous (idiom) syn 资治通鉴 資治通鑒 zī zhì tōng jiàn A Mirror for the Wise Ruler (or Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government), a vast chronological general history, written by 司馬光|司马光[Si1 ma3 Guang1] Sima Guang (1019-1089) and collaborators during the Northern Song in 1084, covering the period 403 BC-959 AD, 294 scrolls 圣明 聖明 shèng míng enlightened sage / brilliant master (flattering words applied to ruler) 昏君 hūn jūn incapable ruler 臣妾 chén qiè (literary) I, your servant (self-appellation of a lower-rank female) / (archaic) male and female slaves / subjects (of a ruler) 改元 gǎi yuán to change an emperor's or ruler's reign title (old) syn 执政者 執政者 zhí zhèng zhě ruler 赐死 賜死 cì sǐ (of a ruler) to order sb to commit suicide (in lieu of execution) 主宰者 zhǔ zǎi zhě ruler 李后主 李後主 lǐ hòu zhǔ Li Houzhu (c. 937-978), the final Southern Tang ruler (ruled 961-975) and a renowned poet / given name Li Yu 李煜 尺 chǐ a Chinese foot / one-third of a meter / a ruler / a tape-measure / one of the three acupoints for measuring pulse in Chinese medicine / CL:支[zhi1],把[ba3] syn 君 jūn monarch / lord / gentleman / ruler syn 玺 璽 xǐ ruler's seal syn 埃米尔 埃米爾 āi mǐ ěr Emir (Muslim ruler) / Amir 成吉思汗 chéng jí sī hán Genghis Khan (1162-1227), founder and ruler of the Mongol Empire 俞 yú yes (used by Emperor or ruler) / OK / to accede / to assent 独夫 獨夫 dú fū sole ruler / dictator syn 五伦 五倫 wǔ lún the five Confucian relationships (ruler-subject, father-son, brother-brother, husband-wife, friend-friend) syn 前 qián front / forward / ahead / first / top (followed by a number) / future / ago / before / BC (e.g. 前293年) / former / formerly syn 曾经 曾經 céng jīng once / already / former / previously / ever / (past tense marker used before verb or clause) syn 原来 原來 yuán lái original / former / originally / formerly / at first / so, actually, as it turns out syn 原 yuán former / original / primary / raw / level / cause / source syn 制服 zhì fú to subdue / to check / to bring under control / (in former times) what one is allowed to wear depending on social status / uniform (army, party, school etc) / livery (for company employees) / CL:套[tao4] 拉丁 lā dīng Latin / (in former times) to press-gang / to kidnap and force people into service 前任 qián rèn predecessor / ex- / former / ex (spouse etc) syn 前夫 qián fū former husband 汉城 漢城 hàn chéng Hanseong, former name of Seoul (capital of South Korea), replaced in 2005 with 首爾|首尔[Shou3 er3] 往事 wǎng shì past events / former happenings syn 复原 復原 fù yuán to restore (sth) to (its) former condition / to recover from illness / recovery syn 原先 yuán xiān originally / original / former syn 武术 武術 wǔ shù military skill or technique (in former times) / all kinds of martial art sports (some claiming spiritual development) / self-defense / tradition of choreographed fights from opera and film (recent usage) / also called kungfu 功夫 / CL:種|种[zhong3] syn 中场 中場 zhōng chǎng middle period of a tripartite provincial exam (in former times) / midfield / mid-court (in sports) / half-time / intermission half-way through a performance 复发 復發 fù fā to recur (of a disease) / to reappear / to relapse (into a former bad state) syn 旧事 舊事 jiù shì old affair / former matter syn 往日 wǎng rì former days / the past syn 叙旧 敘舊 xù jiù to reminisce / to talk about former times syn 前嫌 qián xián former hatred / bygone enmity 昔日 xī rì former days / in the past syn 前者 qián zhě the former syn 原有 yuán yǒu original / former syn 传承 傳承 chuán chéng to pass on (to future generations) / passed on (from former times) / a continued tradition / an inheritance syn 旧日 舊日 jiù rì former times / olden days syn 西贡 西貢 xī gòng Saigon, capital of former South Vietnam / Sai Kung town in New Territories, Hong Kong 往年 wǎng nián in former years / in previous years syn 麦迪 麥迪 mài dí Tracy McGrady (1979-), former NBA player 旧时 舊時 jiù shí in former times / the olden days syn 上辈子 上輩子 shàng bèi zi one's ancestors / past generations / a former incarnation syn 三军 三軍 sān jūn (in former times) upper, middle and lower army / army of right, center and left / (in modern times) the three armed services: Army, Navy and Air Force syn 旧病 舊病 jiù bìng old illness / former affliction syn 王法 wáng fǎ the law / the law of the land / the law of a state (in former times) / criterion syn 故居 gù jū former residence syn 银元 銀元 yín yuán flat silver (former coinage) / also written 銀圓|银圆 / silver dollar syn 围场 圍場 wéi chǎng enclosure / pig pen / hunting ground exclusively kept for emperor or nobility (in former times) 旧闻 舊聞 jiù wén outdated news / old anecdote / stories passed on from former times syn 群雄 qún xióng outstanding heroes / warlords vying for supremacy (in former times) / stars (of sports or pop music) syn 痛改前非 tòng gǎi qián fēi completely correcting one's former misdeeds (idiom) / to repent past mistakes and turn over a new leaf / a reformed character syn 旧部 舊部 jiù bù one's former subordinates 舒马赫 舒馬赫 shū mǎ hè Michael Schumacher (1969-), former German racing driver 旧址 舊址 jiù zhǐ former site / old location 锡兰 錫蘭 xī lán Ceylon (former name of Sri Lanka) 胡志明 hú zhì míng Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969), former Vietnamese leader / see also 胡志明市[Hu2 Zhi4 ming2 Shi4] 旧地 舊地 jiù dì once familiar places / former haunts syn 西汉 西漢 xī hàn Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-8 AD), also called 前漢|前汉[Qian2 Han4], Former Han Dynasty 保驾 保駕 bǎo jià (in former times) to escort the emperor (or other important personage) / (nowadays) to escort sb (usually jocular) syn 雷龙 雷龍 léi lóng apatosaurus / former name: brontosaurus 银钱 銀錢 yín qián silver money (in former times) syn 旧貌 舊貌 jiù mào old look / former appearance syn 莱温斯基 萊溫斯基 lái wēn sī jī Monica Lewinsky (1973-), former White House intern 账房 賬房 zhàng fáng an accounts office (in former times) / an accountant / a cashier 网通 網通 wǎng tōng China Netcom (CNC), former telecommunication service provider in PRC 铜钱 銅錢 tóng qián copper coin (round with a square hole in the middle, used in former times in China) syn 午时 午時 wǔ shí 11 am-1 pm (in the system of two-hour subdivisions used in former times) 银票 銀票 yín piào (in former times) banknote with a value in silver 旧居 舊居 jiù jū old residence / former home syn 余孽 餘孽 yú niè remaining evil element / surviving members (of an evil former regime) / dregs (of a colonial administration) syn 连战 連戰 lián zhàn Lien Chan (1936-), Taiwanese politician, former vice-president and chairman of Guomintang 农妇 農婦 nóng fù peasant woman (in former times) / female farm worker syn 故地 gù dì once familiar places / former haunts syn 头面 頭面 tóu miàn head ornament (in former times) / (literary) head / face / looks syn 巡捕 xún bǔ to patrol / policeman (in China's former foreign concessions) syn 洋货 洋貨 yáng huò Western goods / imported goods (in former times) syn 