苏丹 蘇丹 sū dān Sudan / sultan (ruler of some Muslim states, esp. Ottoman Emperor) 酋长 酋長 qiú zhǎng headman (of primitive people) / tribal chief / used as translation for foreign leaders, e.g. Indian Rajah or Arab Sheik or Emir 先主 xiān zhǔ former ruler / founding ruler 穆斯林 mù sī lín Muslim syn 阿凡提 ā fán tí the Effendi (Nasreddin), the hero of folk tales of the Muslim world, known for his wisdom and humor 清真 qīng zhēn Islamic / Muslim / halal (of food) / clean / pure syn 亚伯 亞伯 yà bó Abe (short form for Abraham) / Abel, a figure of Jewish, Christian and Muslim mythologies 该隐 該隱 gāi yǐn Cain (name) / Cain (biblical character), a figure of Judeo-Christian-Muslim mythology 侯赛因 侯賽因 hóu sài yīn Husain or Hussein (name) / Hussein (c. 626-680), Muslim leader whose martyrdom is commemorated at Ashura / Saddam Hussein al Tikriti (1937-2006), dictator of Iraq 1979-2003 世界穆斯林学者协会 World Association of Muslim Scholars 穆斯林援助协会 Muslim Aid 尼日利亚穆斯林妇女协会联合会 尼日利亞穆斯林婦女協會聯合會 Federation of Muslim Women's Associations in Nigeria 穆斯林－基督徒对话会议 穆斯林－基督徒對話會議 Muslim-Christian Dialogue Conference 穆斯林少数民族部 穆斯林少數民族部 Department for Muslim Minorities 穆斯林民族迎接21世纪挑战十年行动纲领 穆斯林民族迎接21世紀挑戰十年行動綱領 Ten-year Programme of Action to Meet the Challenges Facing the Muslim Ummah in the Twenty-first Century / Ten-Year Programme of Action 十年行动纲领 十年行動綱領 Ten-year Programme of Action to Meet the Challenges Facing the Muslim Ummah in the Twenty-first Century / Ten-Year Programme of Action 棉兰老伊斯兰自治区 棉蘭老伊斯蘭自治區 mián lán lǎo yī sī lán zì zhì qū Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao 波斯尼亚穆斯林 波斯尼亞穆斯林 bō sī ní yà mù sī lín Bosniak / Bosnian Muslim 科技政策促进穆斯林世界自力更生会议 科技政策促進穆斯林世界自力更生會議 Conference on Science and Technology Policy for Self-Reliance in the Muslim World 穆斯林社会性和身体权利联盟 穆斯林社會性和身體權利聯盟 Coalition for Sexual and Bodily Rights in Muslim Societies 穆斯林民主行动党 穆斯林民主行動黨 Muslim Party of Democratic Action / Party of Democratic Action 世界穆斯林联盟 世界穆斯林聯盟 Muslim World League 穆斯林兄弟会 穆斯林兄弟會 Muslim Brotherhood 世界穆斯林大会 世界穆斯林大會 World Muslim Congress 卫生、人口和发展问题穆斯林学者会议 衛生、人口和發展問題穆斯林學者會議 Muslim Scholars Conference on Health, Population and Development 非洲穆斯林机构 非洲穆斯林機構 African Muslim Agency 阿赫迈底亚穆斯林教派 阿赫邁底亞穆斯林教派 Ahmadiyyah Muslim Association 穆斯林妇女教育专题讨论会 穆斯林婦女教育專題討論會 Symposium on Muslim Women's Education 穆尔西 穆爾西 mù ěr xī Morsi, Mursi or Morsy (name) / Mohamed Morsi (1951-2019), Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood politician, president of Egypt 2012-2013 伊斯兰国 伊斯蘭國 yī sī lán guó Muslim countries / caliphate / Islamic State group (aka IS or ISIL or ISIS) 访惠聚 訪惠聚 fǎng huì jù program of visiting Muslim households in Xinjiang to monitor them, begun in 2014 (abbr. for 訪民情、惠民生、聚民心|访民情、惠民生、聚民心[fang3 min2 qing2 , hui4 min2 sheng1 , ju4 min2 xin1]) 罗兴亚人 羅興亞人 luó xìng yǎ rén Rohingya (predominantly Muslim ethnic group primarily residing in Rakhine State, Myanmar) 统治者 統治者 tǒng zhì zhě ruler syn 有道 yǒu dào to have attained the Way / (of a government or a ruler) enlightened / wise and just 御用 禦用 yù yòng for use by the emperor / imperial / (derog.) in the pay of the ruler 辅佐 輔佐 fǔ zuǒ to assist (usually a ruler) syn 君臣 jūn chén a ruler and his ministers (old) 圣贤 聖賢 shèng xián a sage / wise and holy man / virtuous ruler / Buddhist lama / wine syn 贵贱 貴賤 guì jiàn noble and lowly / high versus low social hierarchy of ruler to people, father to son, husband to wife in Confucianism 臣民 chén mín subject (of a kingdom, ruler etc) 尺子 chǐ zi ruler (measuring instrument) / CL:把[ba3] syn 恩宠 恩寵 ēn chǒng special favor from a ruler / Emperor's generosity towards a favorite 励精图治 勵精圖治 lì jīng tú zhì (of a ruler) to strive to make one's nation strong and prosperous (idiom) syn 资治通鉴 資治通鑒 zī zhì tōng jiàn A Mirror for the Wise Ruler (or Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government), a vast chronological general history, written by 司馬光|司马光[Si1 ma3 Guang1] Sima Guang (1019-1089) and collaborators during the Northern Song in 1084, covering the period 403 BC-959 AD, 294 scrolls 当权者 當權者 dāng quán zhě ruler / those in power / the authorities syn 圣明 聖明 shèng míng enlightened sage / brilliant master (flattering words applied to ruler) 昏君 hūn jūn incapable ruler 归附 歸附 guī fù to realign one's allegiance (to another religion, ruler etc) / to submit syn 臣妾 chén qiè (literary) I, your servant (self-appellation of a lower-rank female) / (archaic) male and female slaves / subjects (of a ruler) 改元 gǎi yuán to change an emperor's or ruler's reign title (old) syn 执政者 執政者 zhí zhèng zhě ruler 赐死 賜死 cì sǐ (of a ruler) to order sb to commit suicide (in lieu of execution) 直尺 zhí chǐ straight ruler syn 主宰者 zhǔ zǎi zhě ruler 李后主 李後主 lǐ hòu zhǔ Li Houzhu (c. 937-978), the final Southern Tang ruler (ruled 961-975) and a renowned poet / given name Li Yu 李煜 独夫 獨夫 dú fū sole ruler / dictator syn 五伦 五倫 wǔ lún the five Confucian relationships (ruler-subject, father-son, brother-brother, husband-wife, friend-friend) syn 君 jūn monarch / lord / gentleman / ruler syn 尺 chǐ a Chinese foot / one-third of a meter / a ruler / a tape-measure / one of the three acupoints for measuring pulse in Chinese medicine / CL:支[zhi1],把[ba3] syn 俞 yú yes (used by Emperor or ruler) / OK / to accede / to assent 玺 璽 xǐ ruler's seal syn 三纲五常 三綱五常 sān gāng wǔ cháng three principles and five virtues (idiom) / the three rules (ruler guides subject, father guides son and husband guides wife) and five constant virtues of Confucianism (benevolence 仁, righteousness 義|义, propriety 禮|礼, wisdom 智 and fidelity 信) 爱国如家 愛國如家 ài guó rú jiā to love one's country as one's own family (praise for a virtuous ruler) 爱民如子 愛民如子 ài mín rú zǐ (idiom) to love the common people as one's own children (praise for a virtuous ruler) syn 百鸟朝凤 百鳥朝鳳 bǎi niǎo cháo fèng lit. all birds paying looking up to the phoenix / fig. peace under a wise ruler 成吉思汗 chéng jí sī hán Genghis Khan (1162-1227), founder and ruler of the Mongol Empire 阿初佛 ā chū fó erroneous variant of 阿閦佛, Aksobhya, the imperturbable ruler of Eastern Paradise, Abhirati 李煜 lǐ yù Li Yu (c. 937-978), given name of the final ruler of Tang of the Five Southern dynasties Li Houzhu 李後主|李后主, a renowned poet 妺 mò wife of the last ruler of the Xia dynasty 傅说 傅說 fù shuō Fu Shuo (c. 14th century BC), legendary sage and principal minister of Shang ruler Wu Ding 划线板 劃線板 huà xiàn bǎn ruler (used for drawing lines) 匡扶社稷 kuāng fú shè jì (of states within the nation) to support the ruler in governing the country 封建主 fēng jiàn zhǔ feudal ruler syn 尺规 尺規 chǐ guī ruler and compass (in geometric constructions) 尺规作图 尺規作圖 chǐ guī zuò tú ruler and compass construction (geometry) 巴布尔 巴布爾 bā bù ěr Zaheeruddin Babur (1483-1530), first ruler of Mughal dynasty of India 帝辛 dì xīn Emperor Xin, last ruler of Shang (11th Century BC), famous as a tyrant 庇西特拉图 庇西特拉圖 bì xī tè lā tú Pisistratus (-528 BC), tyrant (ruler) of Athens at different times between 561 BC and 528 BC 折尺 摺尺 zhé chǐ folding ruler 木讷老人 木訥老人 mù nè lǎo rén ungraduated ruler / straight edge 东方阿閦佛 東方阿閦佛 dōng fāng ā chù fó Aksobhya, the imperturbable ruler of Eastern Paradise, Abhirati 桀王 jié wáng King Jie, the final ruler of the Xia dynasty (until c. 1600 BC), a notoriously cruel and immoral tyrant 武丁 wǔ dīng Wu Ding (c. 14th century BC), legendary founder and wise ruler of Shang dynasty 瑶之圃 瑤之圃 yáo zhī pǔ jade garden of celestial ruler / paradise 玺印 璽印 xǐ yìn seal (esp. of ruler) 界尺 jiè chǐ ungraduated ruler / straightedge 当政者 當政者 dāng zhèng zhě power holder / current political ruler 篡立 cuàn lì to become an unlawful ruler 圣王 聖王 shèng wáng sage ruler 圣神 聖神 shèng shén feudal term of praise for ruler, king or emperor / general term for saint in former times / term for God during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom 太平天國|太平天国 / Holy Spirit (in Christian Trinity) 臣一主二 chén yī zhǔ èr One has the right to choose the ruler one serves. (ancient proverb) 丰臣·秀吉 豐臣·秀吉 FengchenXiuji TOYOTOMI Hideyoshi (1536-1598), Japanese warlord, undisputed ruler of Japan 1590-1598 软尺 軟尺 ruǎn chǐ soft ruler / tape measure 辅弼 輔弼 fǔ bì to assist a ruler in governing a country / prime minister 鉨 xǐ variant of 璽|玺 ruler's seal 阿閦佛 ā chù fó Aksobhya, the imperturbable ruler of Eastern Paradise, Abhirati 丰臣秀吉 豐臣秀吉 fēng chén xiù jí TOYOTOMI Hideyoshi (1536-1598), Japanese warlord, undisputed ruler of Japan 1590-1598 安全尺 ān quán chǐ safety ruler (prop.) 忠君爱国 忠君愛國 zhōng jūn ài guó (idiom) to be faithful to the ruler and love one's country 